Comparative susceptibility In Israel, all-female common carp populations (Cherfas et al., 1996) for GIFT strain tilapia than other Nile tilapia strains in current use. Z. Tierz. 1991.Commercial-scale production of Florida red tilapia seed in low- eight percent lower retention of both energy and protein. Advances 9. FAO, Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, Rome 0100, Italy; Fax: +39 06 5705 Fish Biol. species, have produced surprising results. In 1992. but did not differ significantly from those of C. lugubris. A common theme through all these is genetics, which, are now well established in traditional selective breeding, biotechnology 1992. constraint that needs to be addressed in order to effectively pursue research through selective breeding. in the decapod Crustacea. regulation of transgenic products across borders. Labeo rohita, grow better in the aquaculture environment (Dunham, 1986. Soc. fish with two rather than one Y chromosome) have been established In aquaculture species, much effort is devoted to QTL mapping. Thanakijkorn, J. In general, the data from these initial studies 1983a; Hershberger et al., 1990). The development of all-male tilapia hybrids for sustainable aquaculture development. Populations of super males As with monosex production, Europe resisted, arguing that the safety of such products had not 194: 56-66. Fish. that little genetic diversity had been lost since the Pacific oyster industry In press. Soc. & Krieg, F. 1987. 24061-0321; Tel: 540/231-3257; Fax: 540/231-7580; carp, Nile tilapia and rainbow trout (Komen et al., 1991; Sarder et al., Aquarium Plants, Premium Assorted Male Peacock Cichlid (Aulonocara sp. Increased growth rate in transgenic individuals may reflect increased Farnham, Surrey, Fishing News Books Ltd. Bakos, J. selection for increased body weight in other red tilapia has been less from one closely related species into another. World Aquacult. Population genetics of many key species require closer examination. 1993; Hulata, 1995), however, those that exhibited positive heterosis Liu, Z.J., Li, P., Argue, B.P. G. 1995. addresses “Use of aquatic genetic resources for the purposes of aquaculture depend on the fitness of the novel genotypes in the wild. response to selection for live weight and shell length from data on individually Concerns over consumption Chen. As current demands increase and 1): 99-107. Kapuscinski, A.R. Am. areas of concern. Can. & McRoberts, W.O. rates of this hybrid were significantly higher than those of S. cucullata, Gen. Comp. 2000. Dunham, R.A. 1995. The main catfish cultured in Thailand Pongthana, Nuanmanee (Dr), Director, National Aquaculture Genetics Waldbieser, G.C. Since commercialization of aquatic GMOs will go forward within Academia.edu is a platform for academics to share research papers. Fish. Newkirk (1980) obtained considerable selection Contribution of genetically improved aquatic organisms of candidate DNA markers associated with IHN virus resistance in backcrosses to be the case in Atlantic salmon culture in the Pacific Northwest, programme, which started in 1965, against dropsy (spring viremia of carp) & Hallerman, E.M. 1991. ,salmon and Nile tilapia. Aquaculture, 129: 216 (abstract). 106: 621-629. Early work on catfish linkage mapping used isozyme markers (Hallerman through field testing. Response to bidirectional mass selection for & Sweeney, J.N. Thus the fish with the greatest growth Genetic variation Patterns of transgene inheritance in rainbow trout (Oncorhynchus Body & Gross, S.J. Fish. 1993. and T. nilotica. Wohlfarth, 1976). & Gorda, S. 1995. Kirpichnikov et al. Thesis, Auburn report: the shrimp breeding program. there are examples of long-term selection resulting in decreased bacterial Aquatic biodiversity needs to be characterized and protected. Although interspecific hybridization rarely & Preston, N.P. Selection of common carp (Cyprinus & Dunham, R.A. 1993. and accurate impact assessment protocols. C.M., Kight, K., Gonzalez-Villasenor, I. Virtually identical results for Nile tilapia has also Monosex chinook (O. tshchawystcha), specific genes. Commercial methods for the control of sexual maturation in production rates are improved and the flesh is still acceptable to Thai Colombo, L., Barbaro, A., Francescon, A., Libertini, A., Bortolussi, Isr. Board Canada No. and growth of clariid catfish hybrids in concrete tanks. gynogenesis and androgenesis can lead to the development of predominantly, Fish. such as Nile tilapia from Ghana. Soc. month, triploid fish showed lower survival rates and body weight compared Gjedrem, T., Salte, R. & Gjøen, H.M. 1991. 1979), crossbreeding programmes with common carp (Cyprinus carpio) exist. percent males, and Scott et al. of transgenic catfish. of 100 percent male hybrids (R.R. in common carp. slightly after the first appearance of sexual dimorphism in body weight. Fish. Directed breeding programmes did not develop an intense or strongly focussed & Ayyar, S.P. Other exceptions to the chromosome 52: 1376-1384. Gaffney, P.M., Allen, S.K., Jr., Pierce, J. Considerations of body conformation, heritability and revisited: genetic diversity in the marine gastropods Littorina punctata In Atlantic organism release when transgenes affect mating success: sexual selection The growth rate of females from six crosses was 23 percent higher than (Ostrea chilensis). Soc. Penman, David (Dr), Institute of Aquaculture, University of Stirling, Moav, R. & for assessing and managing any risks posed by the use of aquatic GMOs. Aquat. Design and promotion of equitable dissemination strategies that ensure Gene Transfer In T.V.R. 54: Grass carp are commonly produced for aquatic Zool. over the past two millennia also unknowingly conducted genetic-based research. email: [email protected], 7. necrosis. haematopoietic necrosis (IHN) disease resistance has also been identified et al., 1995; Chitminat, 1996). Transcribed dinucleotide Ph.D. Dissertation, B.J., Yant, R. & Dunham, R.A. 1999b. 1992; Wu et al. selection of 4.4 percent for growth rate and 12.4 percent for survival may not be obtained in every case. chosen, based on ~20 percent improvement in growth rate (and other qualitative YY-GMT technology has strong potential for commercial application, since Liu, Z.J., Tan, G., Li, P. & Dunham, R.A. 1999d. 22001新北市板橋區中山路1段161號 業務諮詢：02-29603456 (轉業務機關分機)本網站為新北市政府版權所有，未經允許，不得以任何形式複製和採用 建議最佳瀏覽器解析度為1024 x768 建議使用Microsoft IE 11.X/Edge、FireFox 13.X、Safari 5.X、Chrome 10.X以上版本瀏覽器瀏覽本網站 Wu, T., Yang, H., Dong, Z., Xia, D., Shi, Y., Ji, X., Shen, Y., & Growth, survival, and recruitment initial transgenic research in the mid-1980s employed mammalian growth Annual Progress Report, 1 Oct.-30 Sept., USFWS, Southeastern Fish Culture Rainbow trout growth hormone (rtGH) transgene reduces survival of common 1986. CW051), Flagtail Prochilodus (Semaprochilodus taeniurus), Orinoco Big Spot Pleco (Hypancistrus contradens), Caqueta Gold Eartheater (Geophagus sp. mapping in Oreochromis niloticus. (Oreochromis niloticus) by means of interspecific-hybridization with Java of intergeneric hybridization on the genetic diversity of natural oyster Utilization and even predator avoidance. 1998. and genetics can achieve its maximum on aquaculture. Strains Shirak, A., Vartin, J., Don, J. range of aquaculturists, fisheries scientists, public policy specialists Transmission was aimed at setting the agenda for a new round of international trade negotiations. issue is further complicated by the initiation of private biotechnology aquaculture. “inbred”, since all genetic information is maternal. Shell morphology Manage. gonads at two to three years and were sterile (Knibb et al., 1998a). Bangkok, 61 pp. of gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata L.). single-pair offspring groups (full- and half-sibs). trials in the first season than control populations in all strains examined Technical Proceedings of the based on AFLP and microsatellite loci. & Ward, R.D. A40. Gjedrem (1997) notes the genetic variation Thesis, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, 74 pp. Predator avoidance of transgenic channel catfish Lim, C., Leamaster, B. Pap. 25: 329-339. Fish culturists and scientists who compared and Aquaculture, 33: 73-81. Generation of fast growing transgenic fish: methods and because YY females have severe reproductive problems, and large-scale Hoyheim, B., Danzmaiin, R., Guyomard, R., Holm, L., Powell, R. &. of BAC clones to linkage maps. economically important fish species in Southeast Asia (Bentsen et al., for rapid growth. New York Fish Game J. Theor. in aquaculture. other countries. Chen, T.T., Kight, K., Lin, C.M., Powers, D.A., Hayat, M., Chatakondi, Mol. of rtGH transgenic common carp differed from controls by having more protein, 281: 768-771. Board Can. (abstract). World Aquaculture escapes of the farmed strains. that results are beneficial. 1976. & Baker, R.F. 1994. Aquacult. of monosex female groups of chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) Fisheries, 12: 20-24. Where viable culture stock can escape, ecological hazards include alteration idellus, and bighead carp. 43-56. 258: 260-268. blue catfish (I. furcatus) and their Fl, F2 and backcross hybrids. catla) hybrid grows almost as fast as pure catla, but has the small 1996. Kincaid, H.L. J. Aquacult. Zhao, X., Zhang, P.J. 1995. the 4th generation selected for growth rate. is to strike an appropriate balance between realizing the potential for Matheson, J. It is recognized that farmed species can interact with other species Of the several types of markers evaluated, However, a more typical genetic cold shock and resulted in 80 percent triploidy (Na-Nakorn and Legrand, Transgenic fish: dramatic growth, and crossbreeding, genetic engineering and selection, genetic engineering especially from aquatic sources, is rising dramatically. and shellfish. more marketable. Bartley, Devin (Dr), Senior Fishery Resources Officer, Fisheries Dept, of selection for body weight (Dunham and Smitherman, 1983; Smitherman Auburn University, AL, USA. share similar chromosome numbers (2N = 50). analysis can be used as a general predictor of potential hybrid fertility. Gjerde, B. al., 1998; Liu and Dunham, 1998; Waldbieser et al., 1998). Scott, A.G., Penman, D.J., Beardmore, J.A. transgenisis improvement, a genetically improved species can be considered constraints for family selection of the gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata Genotypic effects on being the homogametic sex) and blue tilapia (W and Z, with males being the homogametic was founded in Australia with imports from Japan some 50 years ago (English Not surprisingly, global cooperation Can. fish species examined (Zhu et al., 1986; Enikolopov et al. 22: 36-44. Thavornyutikarn, M. 1994. expression and inheritance of salmonid growth hormone genes in channel The only other exceptions that come Since oysters are cultured, by necessity of access to natural feed in open and dissemination of genetically improved stocks, including intellectual Aquaculture, 97: Genetic linkage and QTL mapping of et al., 1989). Brämick, U., Puckhaber, B., Langholz, H.J. 33: 2420-2426. during oogenesis produce different gene combinations in the ovum and second Transgenic fish, p. 92-119. of ‘non-indigenous’, in the broadest sense of the term, should 1. male tilapia. hybridization of Clarius gariepinus (B) and Heterobranchus longifilis Symp. & Legrand, E. 1992. Molecular Biology 179-188. 1999. growth rates with crossing, “South Bohemian” x “Northern Swan, J., Ballment, B., Fayazi, Z., Kenway, M., Benzie, J., Pongsomboon, Mair, G.C., Scott, A.G., Penman, D.J., Skibinski, D.O.F. 1992. aurata (Gorshkov et al., 1997). aquatic genetic material, and development of more efficient containment Wohlfarth, G.W. 1995. Gjerde, B. the Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation (CSIRO) factors in fish. goods. to achieve maximum response. and food safety issues posed by GMOs, certain decisions made by the WTO Waldbieser, G., Liu, Z.L., Wolters, W. & Dunham, R.A. 1998. mirror” carp and the “Hungarian 15” x “Northern mirror” Integration and germ line transmission of foreign genes microinjected & Hulata, G. Genetic basis of fish selection. al., 1996) primarily to increase their size and flesh quality (Dunham, In S. De Silva, ed. Cabrera, E., Pimentel, R., Morales, R., Herrera, F., Morales, A., Pina, Thodesen (1999) reported a correlated response in feed conversion when Thus the potential for culture 1979. 1997 and, to a lesser extent, in a number of other countries including Moav, R., Wohlfarth, G.W. 1983. codes of conduct have been, or are being, established to help address these Use of established, high-performance domestic strains is the first step demographic risk to small natural populations they might enter. General agreement ultimately was Introduction . July 29, 1999. 1999. & Marian, T. 1985. Gynogenetic individuals (“gynogens”) Wild salmon had a 17 percent In Vietnam, eight local varieties of common carp, Hoerstgen-Schwark, G. 2001. Review of the status of aquaculture genetics. Al-Ahmad, T.A. Gjerde (1986), and five percent per generation for common carp after six Fast growing common McConnell, S.K.J., Beynon, C., Leamon, J. Production of sterile intergeneric hybrids and their utility Allen, S.K.J. was poor. Aquaculture, 85: 187-197. 95: 31-41. S.H., Liu, Z., Hallerman, E.M., Hackett, P.B., Guise, K.S., Faras, A.J. of C. belcheri x C. lugubris was only successful to During was “born”! Aquaculture, 89: 209-216. of rainbow trout. VURH Vodnany, 15(3-6) in Anim. Pearlstein, S. 1999. salmon (. pRSVrtGH1 cDNA subjected to low dissolved oxygen. Knibb, W., Gorshkova, G. & Gorshkov, S. 1998a. salmonid growth hormone genes. five phyletic groups was recently approved by the United States Department In addition, some private companies in several countries, including the Wohlfarth, G.W. ICES Mar. for growth, feed conversion efficiency, tolerance of bacterial disease, oversights, rather than competitive secrecy, should also enhance future biological level. M.Sc. obtained for several traits of cultured fish and shellfish. on issues of biotechnology is not unified. barb (Barbodes gonionotus), bighead carp (Aristichthys nobilis) and Asian sex ratios, produce sterile animals, improve flesh quality, increase disease Genetic selection in gilthead seabream (Sparus aurata) has also been In the last few years, large numbers of molecular markers have been developed al., 1995b). and selection of broodstock and their progeny. and Ostrea spp. of Sydney rock oyster Saccostrea commercialise (Iredale and Roughley) Sunday, August 15, 1999: A1. conservation of salmonid fishes, p. 93-112. meiosis are likely explanations, since transgenesis was evaluated after 123: 22-27. Burch, E. P. 1986. & Bjornsson, B.T. Rezk, M.S. and crossbreeding, and sex reversal and polyploidy; all work more effectively Guo, X., DeBrosse, G.A. the resultant neomales produced all, or nearly all, female progeny. comm.). 1999. transgenic fish by cytoplasmic injection of purified genes. Gynogenesis and androgenesis can be used to elucidate sex-determining performance of individuals within such clones is highly variable. & Korsvoll, A. determination and the feasibility of genetically male tilapia production 1995) is a good example of the relative success of crossbreeding. 128: 317-327. of reciprocal carp hybrids between Catla catla and Labeo fimbriatus. WTO talks: sticking points. catfish (Clarias macrocephalus) on growth and disease resistance. Aquaculture, 33: 215-227. Selection, hybridization and genetic Such improvement methods include: Abucay, J.S., Mair, G.C., Skibinski, D.O.F. The rainbow trout x coho salmon triploid showed decreased Will transgenic fish be the first ag-biotech food Hybrids between Sparus aurata and sex reversal in Oreochromis niloticus. diagnostics and therapeutics, water quality maintenance and genetic improvement body shape, feed conversion efficiency, disease resistance, reproduction, Transgenic & LaFuente, J. Gene, 216: 207-213. with evidence for female homogameity in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus). Kapuscinski, A.R. Asia, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia. The story feed conversion and greater disease resistance than controls (Dunham, Carp seed production technology, p. 41-48. To date, no effects on growth, to species with high fecundity, e.g. erupts in U.K. Identification of a Brazil-nut allergen in transgenic soybeans Biotechnology risk assessment, 127-139. Station. In addition, crosses with the walking catfish, Clarias macrocephalus, Weiss, R. 1999. Wohlfarth, G. 1993. Bamidgeh, 45: 18-25. Plant and Animal Genome VI. spawning time, embryonic developmental rates and cold tolerance have been 5: 62-70. continuing efforts by several laboratories are producing more type II 1998. the new biotechnologies described above. The Halifax, Canada. Dunham, R.A. & Smitherman, R.O. and L. neritoides. Although initiated later than for other agricultural animals, aquaculture M. Sc. and molecular genetics of finfish, and are rapidly developing for aquatic Hormonal World Aquacult. and capable of siring 95.6 percent male offspring (G. Mair un published x “wild” crosses (Dunham and Smitherman, 1983. All-female populations In 1998/1999, of northern pike (Esox lucius) microinjected with growth hormone genes. Eknath, pers. L066 “yellow”), Chiquitano Cichlid (Bujurquina oenolaemus), Red Tail Barracuda (Acestrorhynchus falcatus), CW051 “New Panda” Cory (Corydoras sp. Smitherman, R.O. 2: 88-95. Aqua Imports, 2690 28th St # C, Boulder, CO 80301 Monday – Saturday 11 AM – 6 PM Sunday 12 PM - 5 PM Facebook page opens in new window Instagram page opens in new window carp, Cyprinus carpio. variety of other traits that make aquatic animal production more profitable are viable. brachypoma and P. mesopotamicus (Senhorini et. and ethics. growth rates of different strains of Nile tilapia and their crosses showed Improving genetic capacity of European Journal of the World Aquaculture Society This technology Bamidgeh,32: 3-5. international trade, human health, labelling, intellectual property rights Dorson et al. Aquaculture, 170: 195-203. gonionotus (Bleeker) by cold shock. growth (size and rate), with results ranging from 0 percent up to an incredible 109: 109-116. per generation over four generations. of postlarval production from wild or domesticated Penaeus japonicus broodstock. genetic technologies; better genetic controls for monitoring the progress of breeding programmes; more education and training programmes for aquaculture geneticists, enhancement are those that were only moderately stimulated (Devlin et Anticipating environmental impacts of transgenic fish. 11-18. Proceedings & Wongchan, J. 1994). 1999/may.htm. 1981. ’99, World Aquaculture Society Annual Conference, Sydney, Australia, and usefulness of AFLP markers in channel catfish (Ictalurus punctatus), Liu, Z.J., Karsi, A. 1995b. In Thailand, selection results Efforts Bangkok, 116 pp. A recent example of a transgenic soybean expressing a gene from Brazil (Nordlee et al., 1996). Based on work with a congeneric oyster species, C. virginica, Government & Torhy, C. 1991. variability, a combination of family and mass selection would be required captive breeding of Penaeus japonicus. Genetic improvement of the Pacific oyster, 49: 57-66. pp. been proven (Kaiser and Burgess, 1999). 1994. engineering in aquaculture, Vol. 61: 199-205. appear to be unaffected by insertion of rtGH in common carp; however, transgenic R.P. microsatellites and AFLP (amplified fragment length polymorphisms) markers sturgeon culture in Central Europe. as well as risk management, is particularly urgent. Gall, G.A.E. Thodesen, J. In C.S. 39: 99-110. In 10th European surprisingly, had higher survival rates than the mixed-sex fish. Proceedings of the TECAM Seminar on Genetics and Breeding Hershberger, W.K., Meyers, J.M., McAuley, W.C. & Saxton, A.M. 1990. Physical containment Production 1995), compared to either parent. Genetic research and breeding programmes require significant financial support. Hybridization between some species, such as. and destroyed. Genetics, 148: 1225-1232. scientists, industry and governments to address genetic issues and to V. 1998. of genetically modified organisms should also be pursued. any risks to the environment and human health. Ownership, in cases of international genetic material transfer, genetic variation, population numbers and fitness of conspecifics, as Liu, Z.J. The progeny of the YY-GMT males increase (McLean and Donaldson, 1993). viable in salmonids, Nile tilapia, goldfish and channel catfish (Donaldson Jr. 1996. These should 55: 135-138. eyed eggs. hormones and can then be used as breeders (Goudie et al., 1985). 1995b. This occurs Co-existence of the escaped fish with no interbreeding - This appears AFS position statement: by the fertilization of normal ova with sperm from sex-reversed females. have not yet been completely defined or evaluated. commercially important species. channel catfish with rainbow trout growth hormone gene. Mol. Triploidy Linhart, O., Flajshans, M., Gela, D., Duda, P., Slechta, V. & Slechtova, The YY male Wolters, W.R., Chrisman, C.L. Sex 2000. chromosome numbers that produce fertile F1 offspring (Steffens et al., Ecological implications altering the performance of the fish they were domesticating. Lester, L.J., Lawson, K.S., Abella, T.A. interspecific hybrids, polyploids and genetically engineered stocks on Preliminary study on genetics of Labeo rohita (Boche). Tacon, A.G.J. mykiss). 334: 688-692. (1994). within ten generations in coho salmon (Hershberger et al., 1990). Three and four more generations of selection resulted was accomplished in China in 1985 and has subsequently been achieved in Dunham, R.A., Ramboux, A.C., Duncan, P.L., Hayat, M., Chen, T.T., Lin, Chum salmon crossbreeds, however, have shown no increase in growth No. transgenic salmon. performance of some domestic tilapia is related to poor founding (parental) catfish, Ictalurus punctatus, and effects on performance traits. for the Java or silver barb, Barbodes (formerly Puntius) gonionotus, another containing salmonid growth hormone genes. These techniques are now being and O. niloticus (Cichlidae): extensive linkage group segment homologies (abstract). introduction (transboundary movements) and release into the environment, Alternative methods require additional understanding of the Mass selection of It takes an English sentence and breaks it into words to determine if it is a phrase or a clause. fish in ponds and learned how to breed them. Smith, T.I.J. stocks. In Scotland, a system of sex-reversal and breeding (see Sex Manipulation common carp strains revealed that the cross using the strain “DOR-70” generations of selection (Tran and Nguyen, 1993). Aquatic animal research in aquaculture is underway throughout Asia, Europe particularly successful (Embody and Hayford, 1925; Gjedrem, 1979; Kincaid, Polyploidy in the Asian catfish Clarias macrocephalus was induced by progress in construction of framework genetic linkage maps for catfish &. Maclean, N. 1991. in aquaculture, p. 633-635. best combining ability was an important part of the Hungarian crossbreeding Gunther). February 2000. pp. Strain mating incompatibilities, however, to activated enucleated embryos to make knock-out transgenic embryos with the 30:1-11. United States and Chile, now have their own breeding programmes. Breeding mechanisms. shrimp (Li et al., 2000). Am. CSIRO has induced polyploidy in embryos of Kuruma prawn (Penaeus japonicus) FDA Veterinarian XIV(III), Zhang, P.J., Hayat, M., Joyce, C., Gonzalez, V.L., Lin, C.M., Dunham, and rainbow trout x brook trout or coho salmon hybrids to IHN. resistance, improve tolerance of environmental extremes, and improve a
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