This amendment declared that all persons born in the United States were automatically citizens. He called in loans, making it more difficult for banks and businesses to borrow money. Using federal power to forcibly relocate American Indian groups. 37. This bias led the bank to … Jan 11, 2016 - Explore Mina's board "Apush" on Pinterest. Consistency and continuity keep financial markets stable and predictable for everyone involved. 11-13 134 Terms. New York: Harper & Row, 1988. He had many ups and downs. It made Northerners question if they actually won the war. Several of Jackson's key stands and decisions in the Bank War vindicate his alleged belief in himself as a representative of the common man. Andy Beshear's veto easily cleared the GOP-led Senate and House as lawmakers reconvened Tuesday, April 14, for a wrap-up session amid the coronavirus outbreak. In vetoing the recharter of the Bank of the United States, Andrew Jackson expressed his disapproval of which Supreme Court decision? Make your investment into the leaders of tomorrow through the Bill of Rights Institute today! It was designed for instances of precipitate legislation, in unguarded moments. 10 July 1832 Richardson 2:581--91 . They also represented black grievances and recruited militias. Explain why the Jacksonians opposed the Second Bank of the United States despite congressional efforts to make the institution more democratic. This league of black Southern men was a political and pro-union organization that eventually expanded to include churches and schools. In closing, Jackson emphasized that the “rich and powerful too often bend the acts of government to their selfish purposes.” The wealthy Americans stood to benefit from the bank’s recharter, he argued, not farmers, mechanics, and laborers. APUSH Chapter 14 41 Terms. During Mr. Madison’s administration of eight years, there occurred but two or three cases of its exercise. apush chapter 22 - Free download as Word Doc (.doc / .docx), PDF File (.pdf), Text File ... Johnson Clashes with Congress Know: Civil Rights Bill, Andy Veto, Fourteenth Amendment 8. This league of women wrote petitions in support of the prohibition of slavery and eventually campaigned against the 15th Amendment because women wanted the right to vote. This act struck back at the Black Codes. They plotted to remove him. The Reconstruction Battle & Awful Andy PRESIDENT ANDREW JOHNSON. FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) — Lawmakers handed Kentucky’s anti-abortion attorney general new authority to regulate abortion clinics on Tuesday when they overrode the governor’s veto of the measure. Clay believed that forcing Jackson to take a stand on the national bank would threaten to embarrass the president and guarantee his own election. In a period little upward of three years, the present chief magistrate has employed the veto four times. Andrew Johnson's job of reuniting the Union after the Civil War. Kmyros. The national bank had been one of the cornerstones of Alexander Hamilton’s economic reforms when he was secretary of the Treasury during the Washington administration. apalmore. In the long run, the U.S. likely got the better end of the deal. In March 1867, it had been nearly two years since the end of the Civil War—but the bloodshed was far from over. Second ed. Kristi Noem Angers Her Base With Transgender Sports-Ban Veto By Ed Kilgore The South Dakota governor was a MAGA favorite thanks to her fight against pandemic public-health measures. The captain of the steamboat refused to transport more blacks across the Mississippi River. Using drawings or cartoons to comment on the actions of a president is a tradition nearly as old as the nation. Sources. 2. President Andrew Jackson, however, viewed the bill as an overr… The next year, another financial panic, the Panic of 1837, swept the country. Freed blacks from Louisiana, Texas, and Mississippi surged in mass exodus to Kansas. "Andy Veto" used this power more often than all six previous Presidents combined. This 1836 political cartoon depicts Andrew Jackson in his battle against the “monstrous” national bank. He also had to decide how he was going to challenge the precedent of its constitutionality as decided by previous congresses and presidents, and the Supreme Court. were passed over Johnson’s veto. It is maintained by the advocates of the bank that its constitutionality in all its features ought to be considered as settled by precedent and by the decision of the Supreme Court. What did President Johnson do in response? In June 1866, it passed a constitutional amendment, which when ratified by three-fourths of the states would be the 14th amendment. This not-so-secret organization began in 1866 in Tennessee and scared blacks and even murdered them too. Andrew Jackson justified vetoing the bill to recharter the Bank of the United States for all the following reasons except. The veto of the Maysville Road Bill is an obscure topic in United States history, but it has a degree of importance in understanding the tenets of Jacksonian Democracy. Mehmet Bayram APUSH - DBQ February 20, 2007 The Jacksonian democrats felt that they were the protectors of the constitution, political democracy, individual liberty, and equality of economic opportunity. Jacksonian Democracy was distinguished by the belief that The Bill of Rights Institute is committed to providing the highest quality. Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment, Charles Sumner, Thaddeus Stevens, Joint Committee on Reconstruction, Moderate Republicans, Reconstruction Act, Fifteenth Amendment, Military Reconstruction, Redeemers, Home Rule. Congress had granted the national bank a new charter for twenty years starting in 1816, but bank advocates tried to renew the charter early to force its passage through Congress during an election year. If you're having any problems, or would like to give some feedback, we'd love to hear from you. We contribute to teachers and students by providing valuable resources, tools, and experiences that promote civic engagement through a historical framework. How did Johnson's campaigning during the 1866 congressional elections backfire? Michael Q. McShane, Jason Bedrick. The plan was to put the president in a lose-lose situation. He argues that the Bank gives privilege and unfair advantage to a wealthy few at the expense of the public, and he opposes foreign ownership of Bank stock. The first Bank of the United Revealed the differences between Republicans. Black Churches quadrupled in size from 100,000 to 400,000 in the first decade after emancipation. 04/08/2017 10:59 PM EDT. When the Supreme Court issued its ruling, state bankers complained that the federal government had encroached unfairly on their industry by granting tax exemption to their competitor. Chapter #17: Manifest Destiny and Its Legacy – Big Picture Themes 1. Date. "Andy Veto" Andrew Johnson vetoed bills repeatedly, but the 2/3 Republican congress re-passed them through his vetoes. View 3.01 - APUSH.rtf from APUSH 101 at Florida Virtual School. Know: Mercantilism, Navigation Laws, Royal Veto. Swinging `Round the Circle with Johnson. Johnson and his veto stamp. His presidential wings were clipped. APUSH American Pageant Chapter 19 Vocab 28 Terms. Although they did not reject capitalism or oppose banks on principle, they worried that concentrated financial power would lead to concentrated political power, and many believed the banking sector did little to benefit farmers. By fraction overridden, however, he comes in second: Pierce … Features. Lamoreaux, Naomi. FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) — Republican lawmakers in Kentucky swept aside the Democratic governor’s veto of a bill to require the state’s residents to show a government-issued photo ID … In Andrew Jackson's first State of the Union, he signaled his intentions to veto what would become known as the Maysville Road Act. “Veto Message” in Jackson vs. Biddle’s Bank: The Struggle Over the Second Bank of the United States. This Decision Point can be assigned alongside the Andrew Jackson, Bank Veto Message, 1832 Primary Source to further highlight the debate surrounding the National Bank. He was a friend of the blacks and defended runaway slaves. Diagrams. Gov. Document 20. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? Biddle travelled to Washington, DC, to lobby members of Congress to support the bank’s recharter. As the so-called Bank War escalated, Jackson recommended moving the federal government’s deposits out of the Bank of the United States, and Treasury Secretary Roger Taney began transferring them to pro-administration state banks. It closely resembled slavery and mocked the freedom of the blacks. "Calhoun's Philosophy of Politics: A Study of A Disquisition on Government" (2000); Cheek, Jr., H. Lee. The Reconstruction Battle & Awful Andy 2 Name. Although the outcry over the Court’s decision quickly subsided, a financial panic that developed later that year intensified farmers’ opposition to the banking system and resulted in bank and business failures. Force (Enforcement) Acts ... APUSH Terms Chs. The close-knit relationships these establishments fostered led many Americans to view banks as elite institutions. In 1819, the Supreme Court ultimately struck down a tax in Maryland as unconstitutional in McCulloch v. Maryland. The Jacksonian Economy. Jackson holds up an “Order for the Removal of the Public Money.” Nicholas Biddle (depicted with devil’s horns) and his supporters scatter as the bank building falls around them. Nicholas Biddle, the third and last president of the Second Bank of the United States, became President Andrew Jackson’s nemesis during the “Bank War.”. Business leaders and Congress turned against him. "Andy Veto" This was a nickname given to President Johnson in response to the Congress passing the Civil Rights Bill. Gostaríamos de lhe mostrar uma descrição aqui, mas o site que está a visitar não nos permite. The Radical Republicans in Congress were tired of Pres. And the most effective way to achieve that is through investing in The Bill of Rights Institute. A boundary dispute with England over Maine was settled peaceably. Learn more about the different ways you can partner with the Bill of Rights Institute. Talented mathematicians made awesome astronomical observations. The first Bank’s charter expired shortly before the War of 1812; however, the war demonstrated the need to maintain a central bank that could finance a conflict by making loans and bond issues rather than by raising taxes. They became slaves to the soil. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press, 1957. They had the upper hand against the other side of the republicans. Cambridge, UK: Cambridge University Press, 1996. These groups were moving in search of opportunity in the new freedom. Andy Beshear focused most of his criticism on a … Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1972. He was a powerful radical and a congressman from Pennsylvania. Congress created the Civil Rights Bill that attacked the Black Codes and gave blacks American citizenship. Learn vocabulary, terms, and more with flashcards, games, and other study tools. If you need to contact the Course-Notes.Org web … The fate of the U.S. economy weighed heavily on President Andrew Jackson’s mind in 1832 as he debated signing the renewal of the charter of the Second Bank of the United States. It was eventually vetoed by Lincoln but it revealed the differences between the President and Congress. The removal of the government’s deposits crippled the federal bank, and it dissolved in 1836. He was even buried in a black cemetery. Andy Beshear to veto the controversial school choice bill. It enjoys an exclusive privilege of banking under the authority of the General Government, a monopoly of its favor and support, and, as a necessary consequence, almost a monopoly of the foreign and domestic exchange. The Maysville Road act was one of the most controversial acts of its time and would authorize the purchase of $150,000 worth of stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Company also known as the Cumberland Road. US I: Chapter 1: Early Native Americans – Incas, Mayans, and Aztecs. However, Johnson vetoed this, thus earning the name “Andy Veto”. authors (e.g., Andrew Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the United States), maps (e.g., map of antebellum territorial expansion), images (e.g., Andy Warhol paintings or Thomas Nast cartoons), and quantitative data (e.g., table of stock prices from 1927–1941). The destruction of the Bank of the United States led to, EXCERPT 1 “The present corporate body, denominated the president, directors, and company of the Bank of the United States, will have existed at the time this act is intended to take effect twenty years. July 10, 1832. | AP Photo . Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment. Congress had provided it with exclusive privileges, he pointed out, and granted it a monopoly that insulated it from competition with state banks. Andy Beshear on Friday vetoed a bill pushed by Republican lawmakers to require Kentucky residents to show a government-issued photo ID in order to vote. APUSH Review . Congress passed the Tenure of Office Act which said the president needed the Senate's okay to fire anyone who'd been previously appointed by him and approved by the Senate. The Republicans passed the Civil Rights Bill which struck against the Black Codes. The Maysville Road veto occurred on May 27, 1830, when United States President Andrew Jackson vetoed a bill that would allow the federal government to purchase stock in the Maysville, Washington, Paris, and Lexington Turnpike Road Company, which had been organized to construct a road linking Lexington, Kentucky, to Maysville on the Ohio River (Maysville being located approximately 66 … Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1972. Opponents of the Bank of the United States argued against it for all the following reasons except, 7. Second ed. Remini, Robert V. Andrew Jackson and the Bank War. Know: Civil Rights Bill, "Andy Veto," Fourteenth Amendment 8. LOUISVILLE, Ky. (WDRB) — Gov. Explore our upcoming webinars, events and programs. Explain the economic theory of mercantilism and the role of colonies. REPRESENTATIVE. Its opponents described it as a “many headed monster” and argued that the bank was actively creating an aristocracy that undermined the interests of ordinary people.. Andrew Jackson and Federal Rights 666 Words | 3 Pages. 4. Biddle had to work with allies in Congress to devise the best strategy to strengthen their own hand countering Jackson’s opposition. The Republicans made sure that the act wouldn't be peeled back without a fight. . Hammond, Bray. How did Republicans use their dominance of Congress? FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) — Kentucky’s governor has vetoed a bill he says would weaken the state's open records law. Brown, Guy Story. (1866). Republicans conferred on the blacks the privilege of American citizenship. What is a presidential veto? 29. APUSH reconstruction quiz. Andrew Jackson’s Veto of the National Bank, Explain the causes and effects of continuing policy debates about the role of the federal government from 1800 to 1848, the Jacksonians believed the bank contributed to U.S. intervention in the War of 1812 and other wars, Jackson believed the bank was unconstitutional and that the Supreme Court had erred in, the Jacksonians believed the bank acted as a monopoly and received exclusive privileges from Congress, foreigners controlled more than 20 percent of the bank’s stock, a prominent member of Congress who wanted to expose Andrew Jackson’s antagonism towards the Bank of the United States, a political ally of Andrew Jackson’s who wanted to close the Bank of the United States, the president of the Bank of the United States, who wanted its charter renewed, Andrew Jackson’s secretary of the Treasury who transferred money from the Bank of the United States to Jackson’s pet banks, it guaranteed the election of Andrew Jackson as president, it demonstrated to “hard currency” supporters that only gold- and silver-backed currency would maintain a viable economy, giving credence to Jackson’s beliefs about the national bank in the 1830s, it led to the nomination of Henry Clay, who, as president, would have guaranteed the continuation of the Bank of the United States, the Bank favored eastern business interests, the Bank had been granted a monopoly over state banks, farmers were guaranteed necessary loans from the Bank, the election of Martin Van Buren as president, the creation of the National Republicans as a new political party, the end of central banking in the United States until the creation of the Federal Reserve, the immediate rechartering of the Bank of the United States. He was a huge help in supporting Reconstruction and the blacks. Unfortunately for Biddle, however, Jackson indicated that “both the constitutionality and the expediency of the law creating this Bank are well questioned.” Biddle felt he had little choice but to press for the bank’s recharter during an election year because it was a relatively popular institution that Jackson would not dare kill with a veto or he would face voters’ wrath. This Act stated that the President needed the Senate's consent before he fired or removed any one of Lincoln's existing Cabinet members. each of these plans? This was originally vetoed by Johnson but the in April the Congress overruled the President and passed it anyway. Know: Salutary Neglect, John Hancock, Bounties. (image) | A caricature of Andrew Jackson as a despotic monarch, probably issued during the Fall of 1833 in response to the President's September order to remove federal deposits from the Bank of the United States. Start studying APUSH Chapters 10,11,12,13,&15. This was a nickname given to President Johnson in response to the Congress passing the Civil Rights Bill. In his view, far too many career politicians walked the streets of Washington. THADDEUS STEVENS. The Second Bank of the United States was even larger than the first and became one of the largest corporations in the world. The Panic provided a critical turning point for Andrew Jackson and other “hard money” advocates, who insisted that paper currency could never replace money backed by gold and silver. During the Bank War, Nicholas Biddle was, 4. Gov. Bank War, in U.S. history, the struggle between President Andrew Jackson and Nicholas Biddle, president of the Bank of the United States, over the continued existence of the only national banking institution in the nation during the second quarter of the 19th century. The Bank of the United States was a central component of the American System Clay supported, which proposed using a strong central bank and high tariffs to fund a comprehensive system of internal improvement projects such as railroads and canals. 3. Banks and Politics in America from the Revolution to the Civil War. The College Board's revised framework for the teaching of Advanced Placement U.S. History is surprisingly fair-minded and nonpartisan. Biddle had carefully surveyed the political situation in Congress and realized that enough votes existed for recharter but not enough to override a veto if the president opposed the measure. authors (e.g., Andrew Jackson’s veto of the Second Bank of the United States), maps (e.g., map of antebellum territorial expansion), images (e.g., Andy Warhol paintings or Thomas Nast cartoons), and quantitative data (e.g., table of stock prices from 1927–1941). Andrew Jackson was the seventh President of the United States from 1829 to 1837, seeking to act as the direct representative of the common man. Pocket veto. Andrew Jackson. By issuing an executive order, he was essentially refusing to enforce the act of Congress that had chartered the bank. Jackson’s opponents ridiculed these “pet banks” as a source of corruption, but to no avail. What did President Johnson do in response? Political cartoons were the creation of the politically partisan press in the early 1800s. The Bank of the United States soon recovered its sound financial footing under the leadership of Nicholas Biddle. Insider Lending: Banks, Personal Connections, and Economic Development in Industrial New England. The president tried to end the Freedmen Bureau. But farmers worried that the bank worked in opposition to the nation’s democratic principles. See more ideas about political cartoons, american history, history. Was impeached after violating the Tenure of Office Act in an effort to prove that it was unnecessary but was not removed from office. According to the History Channel, President Andrew Jackson vetoed a new charter for the Second Bank of the United States because the bank was heavily biased toward business interests and had no congressional oversight. The Veto. Education was an important part of emancipation. In 1816, President James Madison overcame his earlier constitutional qualms and signed the bank bill into law. This nickname was given to the freedmen's white allies. Andrew Jackson left a permanent imprint upon American politics and the presidency. Second ed. APUSH Chapter 19 ID Terms 8 Terms. Lexington, MA: D.C. Heath and Company, 1972. Northern White Women volunteered their services as teachers for blacks after emancipation. Passed in 1869 and ratified in 1870, this amendment gave the right for all adult males to vote. FRANKFORT, Ky. (AP) — Democratic Gov. 1. The financial panic of 1819 hurt many farmers, artisans, and other small businesses, which fueled resentment against the bank and its paper currency when a Congressional inquiry revealed that the institution, in fact, had acted irresponsibly during the crisis. Chief Justice John Marshall emphasized in his opinion that “the power to tax involves the power to destroy.” The case cemented the supremacy of the federal government by ensuring that states could not tax federal institutions. This consisted of the Reconstruction Acts and helped to gain control of the South. Edited by George Rogers Taylor, 27. Ceciliapx2015. ... As an initial step, Congress in 1867 passed the Tenure of Office Act through overriding Johnsons veto. Guided in his veto decision by his constitutional convictions and political exigencies, Jackson’s victory over the bank doomed central banking in the United States until the creation of the Federal Reserve in the early twentieth century. Lincoln believed that the Southern States never actually seceded. It didn't work very well because the outlawed groups, such as the KKK, continued their torture anyway. The republicans-14th amendment. Done by the Republicans, they took the Civil Rights Bill and basically put it into the Constitution. Johnson broke this act anyways. A major difference between Andrew Jackson and Henry Clay in their arguments regarding the Bank of the United States concerned. Rival banks did not appreciate competition from the operating branches of the Second Bank of the United States. 27. Why did it backfire? Split by the Wade-Davis disputes, this minority group believed the South should receive punishment. Yet they failed to get him removed from office. Votes to override Gov. William Seward, Secretary of State, signed a treaty with Russia that transferred Alaska into the U.S's hands in 1867. New World Beginnings, 33,000 B.C.-A.D. 1769. In this veto message, President Jackson passionately rejects a bill that rechartered the Bank of the United States. He believed the constitutional questions were settled and that the bank had great utility for the expansion of the American economy. New York: Norton, 1969. AP US History: Help and Review ... 'Old Hickory' Andrew Jackson had little time to bask in the victory of 1828. Andrew Jackson's veto message to the Senate, in which he provides a passionate defense of the common man in order to justify his veto. He became President after Lincoln was assassinated. Jackson, Andrew. Despite the best efforts of the Jacksonian opponents of the bank, Congress passed the recharter bill with a solid majority in both houses. The new bank was centered in Philadelphia, had branches in every major city, and issued new stock at a lower price to allow everyday Americans to invest. Early banks were not as sophisticated as their modern successors. Andrew Jackson, Bank Veto Message, July 10, 1832 EXCERPT 2 “The veto is an extraordinary power, which, though tolerated by the Constitution, was not expected, by the convention, to be used in ordinary cases. Bank Veto - Pet Banks - Panic of 1837 King Andrew the First Birth of the Whig Party Martin VanBuren Presidency (1837-1841) Society, Culture and Reform ( 1820-1860) Second Great Awakening Sparks the Age of Reform The Transcendentalists Utopian Societies Brook Farms Oneida Shakers New Harmony Temperance Movement Horace Mann - Education Reform for Mentally Ill - Dorothea Dix Women’s … Within eight years, he melded the amorphous coalition of personal followers who had elected him into the country's most durable and successful political party, an electoral machine whose organization and discipline would serve as a model for all others. Thus restricted, and it has been thus restricted by all former presidents, it might not be mischievous. APUSH NOTES Post-Civil War Actions. We now hear quite frequently, in the progress of measures through Congress, the statement that the president will veto them, urged as an objection to their passage.”, Henry Clay, Speech to the U.S. Senate on President Jackson’s veto of the rechartering of the Bank of the United States, July 10, 1832, 1. The president is holding a cane marked “veto.”. Explain Andrew Jackson’s decision to veto the Second Bank of the United States. 1 print : lithograph on wove paper ; 31.7 x 21.4 cm. They were accused of plundering the treasuries of the Southern states. The Panic of 1819 was a turning point in U.S. economic history because. The freed blacks needed help and support. The most effective way to secure a freer America with more opportunity for all is through engaging, educating, and empowering our youth. Andrew Jackson - Andrew Jackson - Jacksonian Democracy: The election of 1828 is commonly regarded as a turning point in the political history of the United States. (Use a dictionary if needed) Congress can override the veto but it takes a majority. Andy … If school-choice advocates can overcome Andy Beshear’s veto pen, Kentucky could become a haven for educational freedom. Mobile. ANDREW JOHNSON’S IMPEACHMENT. This nickname was given to Seward and Alaska by ignorant countrymen there wanted to jeer at his actions. Uncertainty and instability are always bad for business. Jan 11th, 2013. Passed despite Andrew Johnson's veto; it looked to counteract the Black Codes by conferring citizenship on African Americans and it made it a crime to deny blacks … . What controversial action did President Jackson take … andy beshear’s veto of senate bill to the voter id law the time of a little pandemic when we have already moved our may primaries to june. “Veto Message” in Jackson vs. Biddle’s Bank: The Struggle Over the Second Bank of the United States. Several state legislatures responded by imposing taxes on the federal bank’s operations. 36. Agriculture based on maize (corn). 28. The powers, privileges, and favors bestowed upon it in the original charter, by increasing the value of the stock far above its par value, operated as a gratuity of many millions to the stockholders. (AP … Jackson vs. Biddle’s Bank: The Struggle Over the Second Bank of the United States. The Bank of the United States could loan money to the federal government in times of war and encourage economic development by providing American businesses with access to capital they could invest in their firms. Which of the following best describes the motivation for the event described in the excerpts? Passed by Congress in 1870 and 1871, these acts let Federal troops stamp out the "lash law." More than eight millions of the stock of this bank are held by foreigners. Fourteenth Amendment ... APUSH The American Pageant 12e Ch 22 Reconstruction. In which John Green teaches you about the presidency of Andrew Jackson So how did a president with astoundingly bad fiscal policies end up on the $20 bill? . Back in Washington, Jackson's executive power was expressed in his use of the veto. What did President Johnson do in response? Created by Congress, this acted as a welfare agency for the blacks and white refugees. The kitchen cabinet reached its peak following his purge of the cabinet at the end of the Eaton Affair and his break with Vice President John Calhoun in 1831.Jackson wanted people who were actually living in the world, not careerists without perspective. Former slaves and landless whites sank into virtual peonage. Despite being a member of the Republican Party, which of the following presidents signed the renewal charter of the Bank of the United States in 1816? Jackson had to weigh whether to kill the national bank because of his constitutional opposition to it and his fear that the bank was an engine of aristocracy. Veto Power In 1832, Biddle and his congressional supporters, including presidential hopeful Henry Clay, drew up a new charter for the bank. President Andrew Jackson, Veto Message Regarding the Bank of the United States, 1832 Which of the following of Jackson's policies undermined his position as described in the excerpt? This is a nickname for the Democratic regimes that went back to their own ways after the Union soldiers left. During the last administration, I do not now recollect that it was once. The Merits and Menace of Mercantilism. Andrew Johnson. Source National Archives. During the election campaign of 1832, Jackson’s opponents organized a new political party, the National Republicans, under Henry Clay. It made tight conditions for the South's readmission to the Union. 3. Andrew Johnson was the most thwarted president as measured by the number of overrides: out of 21 regular vetoes, 15 were overridden; he also used 8 pocket vetoes.
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